Women's Entrepreneurial Spirit Through History

Women were economically active since pre-history, although their part in the work force varied through from those days until today depending on the structure of needs, cultural, social and other forms of a society. In Babylon in the year 2000 BC, women raised cattle along with men. Besides that, they have been engaged in raising children, cooking, making clothes and other similar jobs in countryside community. Later, as cities developed, women started to work outside the house, as market traders, laundresses, courtesans and nurses. In ancient Greece, women who belonged to the upper class did not work, which was not the case with the poor, who usually worked as unqualified work force doing the hardest job. Instead of money, they got food and accommodation.

They were without any protection or rights. Similar situation was in other ancient societies. Not before 14th century in England and France women who knew some of the crafts (tailoring, weaving etc.) were acknowledged equally as men who were carpenters, tailors, shoemakers and so on. With guild development, women have started to be paid directly. Many of them are working in their homes, manufacturing everything. Only in the 18th and early 19th century, during Industrial revolution, manufacturing started to retreat to industrial production. With the development of factories, women started to be employed in them and to be men’s competitor in many ways. However, they have mostly opted for traditionally female jobs, which are less paid and valued. Factory owners employed them in textile and similar industries because they are skilled workers, but they work for 12 or more hours and for the lowest wages. This is the example of the ultimate exploitation of female work force in the early capitalist system, which has not only been without any rights, but also had no union protection, as the unions represented only men.

Many years later, in 1948, the International Labor Organization (ILO) brought a Convention of the employment policy, in which all kinds of discrimination against women, including the opportunity for employment, was banned. Before this Convention, women had no rights compared to men.

In view of the change of in the status of women with regards to employment, the following generalizations could be made in relation to paid work for women work force:

1. Women worked throughout history in order to satisfy their economic needs.

2. Poor women worked regardless of their marital status, if men could not provide enough for the family’s needs

3. Women were always responsible for the raising of their children, regardless of whether they had paid jobs or not

4. They were usually less paid than men and had lower professional status

5. Women’s work was similar to that in their own house

Read more about Women Entrepreneurship and their struggle for better position and rights in the business world at IMT College - Full Online ( contact address radovic.mirjana@gmail.com) or at Akamai University (http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/EntrepreneurshipforWomen.html)

Biography

Ph.D. Mirjana Radović-Marković was born in Belgrade. She gained complete expert education on the Faculty of Economics in Belgrade, where she got her Ph.D. in 1987. After her dissertation completition, she continued her advanced studies in the Netherlands, USA and Russia, where she specialized in 1988 at Lomonosow on the multidisciplinary studies department. Since she was twenty-five she is a scientist. Her scientific career started at the Economics Institute in Belgrade and continued later at the Institute of Economic Sciences, also in Belgrade. Meanwhile, she was full-time and part-time engaged as a lecturer and professor for entrepreneurship and management at the Faculty for Management BK in Belgrade, at the Faculty Farleigh Dickinson University in the USA, Akamai University USA, Lacrosse University USA, BCCS College in Belgrade and Pebble Hills University, Seborga, Italy. She is an author and Program Director of Master Studies in the field of Science in Entrepreneurship for Women at Akamai University in the USA, which engaged her as representative for Eastern Europe

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Dr_Mirjana_Radovic

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